NASA Plans for the International Space Station (2006). 2014. The sexual isolation of most eukaryotic species is legitimately represented by discrete branches, but bacteria exchange genes with other bacteria, near and far – indiscriminately and promiscuously. But it took space-age exploration to show us how the moon is connected to human existence on a very fundamental level. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Our eukaryotic domain is a pale green sliver among the huge genetic diversity of life on Earth. The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution. Adams, F. & Laughlin, G. 1997. Explore webcasts, stories, dispatches, photos, and articles of total and annular solar eclipses and transits. This new, comprehensive genetic landscape gives us an overview of biology – how we relate to other species – how we shared ancestors with mushrooms for ~3 billion years and only in the last ~1.1 billion years diverged from them. This was the first time humans travelled beyond low Earth orbit and saw their own home planet rising above the horizon of the Moon. For cosmologists interested in the origin and evolution of the universe, the cosmological clock ticks logarithmically (Figure 3 above). Christian, D. 2004. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2000, 2006). All of these overview effects contribute to big history: the attempt to understand the integrated history of the cosmos, Earth, life and humanity (Rodrigue et al. Huang, J. O termo e conceito foram cunhados em 1987 por Frank White, que explorou o tema em seu livro The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution (Houghton-Mifflin, 1987), (AIAA, 1998). In Table 1, the numbers in the first column are rendezvous numbers (also known as phylostratigraphic nodes, cf. Roy. “A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms” PLoS ONE 10(4):e0119248. “Genomics and the bacterial species problem”, Genome Biol., 7, 9, 116. Ours is a tiny trivial twig amongst the enormous diversity of life. Adams & Laughlin 1997, 1999). 2016. June 20 th 1944 – A V-2 Rocket launched by Nazi Germany during World War II is the first man-made object to go beyond 100 km – the Kármán line – and reach space! Lihat pula. The film also features insights from commentators and thinkers on the wider implications and importance of this understanding for society, and our … He has appeared on The Space Show hosted by Dr. David Livingston, and has given numerous speeches at space events. Frank White presented a number of such experiences in The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution , Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Free Press Publishers. “Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things.” Biology Direct, 2009, 4, 34. To us, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with other species, to preserve and cherish the diversity of life – the only life we’ve ever known. We know our position among the apes and primates and vertebrates and eukaryotes – but the deeper we go into the tree of life, the more uncertain the nodes of the phylogenetic tree become. 2014, Ruggiero et al. Apollo, Voyager, astronomy, cartography, GPS and Google Maps offer us a broader and richer spatial map of where we are. Some horizontal convergences have been well-documented as endosymbiotic events. It can come when a peasant farmer visits Paris for the first time, or when a renaissance explorer peruses a new, more comprehensive map of the world. that deals with human activities and the impact of these activi-ties is called cultural or human geography. There are groupings on many scales. The particle physicist Rocky Kolb (2006) explains: The biological overview effect is a cognitive shift in identity that occurs while viewing the phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth. We start our voyage backward in time at node 1, 6.5 million years ago where we meet our most recent common ancestor with chimpanzees. Robotics and autonomous systems have been instrumental to space exploration by enabling scientific breakthroughs and by fulfilling human curiosity and ambition to conquer new worlds. Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Publishing. The term and concept were coined in 1987 by Frank White, who explored the theme in his book The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution (Houghton-Mifflin, 1987; AIAA, 1998). A spatial or astronomical overview effect comes from understanding the size of the universe and our place in it. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. Further research to expand on this study's findings, as well as the purposive and strategic application of astronauts in national and international environmental communication and engagement initiatives, is suggested. Like astronauts recognizing the common humanity of all people, this new deeper genealogy has us welcoming new members to our family. Jour. & Egan, C. 2007, “The Cosmic Coincidence as a Temporal Selection Effect Produced by the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe” Astrophysical Journal, 671, 853. Planetary exploration will begin with robotic precursors, but lead on to human exploration. White, F. 2019. The Cosma Hypothesis, Morgan Brook Media. Another problem is the discrete nature of the branches. At node 40, about 2 billion years ago we meet our common ancestor with apple trees and bananas. Logarithmic scales of space and time are often used to encompass and understand processes that have a large dynamic range (e.g. Soc. Doolittle, W.F. There have been approximately four-hundred-thousand-million-million seconds since the beginning of the universe, so to concentrate on only one of them might seem the ultimate degree of overspecialization. Doolittle, W.F. Right: the biological overview effect evoked by a new more comprehensive, Hierarchy of Taxonomic Divergences Along Our Lineage, Five Ages of the Universe: inside the physics of eternity, Maps of Time: an introduction to big history, The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution, From Big Bang to Galactic Civilization: A Big History Anthology, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, Please click here for higher resolution jpg, Correspondence | Charles H. Lineweaver, charley.lineweaver@anu.edu.au; Aditya Chopra, aditya.chopra@anu.edu.au. For astronauts, the Earth was no longer a map divided into different coloured nations. Library of Flight, ... Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. Astronauts show considerable breadth and depth in present attitudes and behaviours. The tree of life is constructed from the conserved and recognizably related sequences of DNA base pairs inside almost every cell of extant organisms. Roy. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, Ballantine Books. Human migration to space will be the most profound catalyst for evolution in the history of humankind, yet this has had little impact on determining our strategies for this next phase of exploration. We can make images of the universe and map the space around us to distances of billions of light years. Margulis, L. Dolan, M.F. Phys., 69, 337. 2009. “A Pale Blue Dot”, http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/earth/pale-blue-dot.html (Accessed 27/03/2019). The overview effect can be personal and private, or it can be the transformation of an entire culture’s weltanschauung. Adams, F. & Laughlin, G. 1999. “HDUV: The Hubble Deep UV Legacy Survey.” Astrophys. et al. However, overview effects are not limited to a spatial re-conceptualization of where we are. “A new view of the tree of life.” Nature Microbiology, 1, 16048. Inspired by Dawkins & Wong (2016) to get a better overview of our evolutionary identities, in Table 1 we have compiled the most concise taxonomic overview of the evolution of our lineage. Learn more about space exploration in this article. Everything that was previously unimaginably large, becomes unimaginably small. The original spatial overview effect of astronauts is a re-conceptualization of where we are, based on new spatial or astronomical information about the space around us. Starting at the highest energy and earliest time possible (the Planck time 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang), the interval 10-43 of a second to 10-42 of a second is studied. Based on increasingly precise phylogenetic trees and molecular clocks, we compile and present the most concise taxonomic overview of our lineage as we evolved over the past ~4 billion years, from Archaea into humans. Those items will be addressed in a separate response to the Council. The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 3rd edn. More realistic network-like evolution can be informatively compared to this vertical-transmission-only tree (Doolittle & Bapteste 2007, Bapteste et al. Images such as Apollo 8’s “Earthrise” and Sagan’s “Pale Blue Dot” have helped transform a civilization (Brand 1968, Sagan 1994). Hug, L. et al. Space exploration - Space exploration - Science in space: In the decades following the first Sputnik and Explorer satellites, the ability to put their instruments into outer space gave scientists the opportunity to acquire new information about the natural universe, information that in many cases would have been unobtainable any other way. The comparison makes our bodies, homes, countries, planet, Solar System and even our Milky Way galaxy seem small and insignificant. Environmental initiatives and strategies should make better use of lessons learned. Domazet-Lošo T. & Tautz D. 2010. Human geographers are concerned with such subjects as population distributions, cul-tural patterns, cities and urbanization, industrial and commercial location, natural resource utilization, and transportation networks 2019. The ability to produce such images and to understand how small we are is an achievement that few species can boast about. The branches in Figure 4 show the extent of genetic diversity. This was necessary because Dawkins & Wong (2016) gave the name of the new group that was joining our group, but sometimes ignored the name of our group before and after the rendezvous. In 2009, at the urging of NASA’s Human Research Program, the authors published a book (2) with the aim of reviewing the existing knowledge and history of human nutrition for space light, with a key goal of identifying gaps in the knowledge base required to Venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the human body. In this presentation, I will describe events that occurred in the first second of the life of the universe. Lineweaver, C.H. That’s home. But the tree of all life, especially as we get closer to the root, is not so simple. Based on 14 semi-structured interviews with astronauts, this study applied interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) and utilized the Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI) measures to qualitatively demonstrate that the overview effect contains an unanticipated and distinguishable ecological significance that has the ability to markedly influence post-spaceflight environmental attitudes and behaviours (EABs), resulting in a new level of environmental awareness and consciousness in astronauts. “Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals.” PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. California Press. Robotics and autonomous systems have been instrumental to space exploration by enabling scientific break-throughs and by fulfilling human curiosity and ambition to conquer new worlds. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, Second Edition (Library of Flight) at Amazon.com. In April of 2008, the 2008 Evidence Book was reviewed by the members of the Committee on NASA 's Research on Human Health Risks, established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). 懷德 （ 英语 ： Frank_White_(writer) ） 在《The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution》這本書提出。 這些太空人週遭的第三方人員，也觀察到這些有太空飛行經驗的人，在飛行前後有明顯的態度轉變。 The key scientific rationales for Moon and Mars exploration include the formation and evolution of rocky planets, accretion and bombardment in the inner solar system, comparative planetology and astrobiology. The larger this overlap, the more uncertain is the order of the nodes. 2017, Christian 2004, 2018). The combination of modern geology, paleontology, biology, primatology and anthropology gives us a broader picture of where we have come from, how we got here, who we are – and maybe even where we are going and why? Modern genome sequencing shows us our humble, pale green eukaryotic island among the ocean of genetic diversity of life on Earth. For a given node N, the uncertainties on its date can sometimes overlap with the dates of nodes N+1 or N-1. Astrobiological benefits of human space exploration. Sciences, 950, 1, 54-65. Trans. Here and there, the tree has been calibrated by the petrified remains of fossilized distant cousins. Within its genetic boundaries every organism you have ever seen, every vertebrate you have ever loved, lived out their lives. “Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 81, 71-85. Billion years ago the size of the universe compared to this vertical-transmission-only tree ( Doolittle & Papke 2006.. Million years ago we meet our common ancestor at their tips interested in second... And articles of total and annular solar eclipses and transits other species etc! Merge with us at the time of the life of the key attributes marble hanging the! 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